Biography ni pangulong ramon magsaysay high school

President of the Philippines outlandish 1953 up to his grip in 1957

"Magsaysay" redirects here. Call other uses, see Magsaysay (disambiguation).

In this Philippine name, the medial name or maternal family label is del Fierro and the name or paternal family name quite good Magsaysay.

Ramon Magsaysay
In office December 30, 1953 – March 17, 1957
Vice President	Carlos P. Garcia
Preceded by	Elpidio Quirino
Succeeded by	Carlos P. Garcia
In office January 1, 1954 – May 14, 1954
President	Himself
Preceded by	Oscar Castelo
Succeeded by	Sotero B. Cabahug
In office September 1, 1950 – February 28, 1953
President	Elpidio Quirino
Preceded by	Ruperto Kangleon
Succeeded by	Oscar Castelo
In office May 28, 1946 – September 1, 1950
Preceded by	Valentin Afable
Succeeded by	Enrique Corpus
In office February 1, 1945 – March 6, 1945
Appointed by	Douglas MacArthur
Preceded by	Jose Corpuz
Succeeded by	Francisco Anonas
Born	Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay (1907-08-31)August 31, 1907 Iba, Zambales, Philippines[a]
Died	March 17, 1957(1957-03-17) (aged 49) Balamban, Cebu, Philippines
Cause of death	Airplane crash
Resting place	Manila North Cemetery, Santa Cruz, Manila, Philippines
Political party	Nacionalista (1953–1957)
Other political affiliations	Liberal (1946–1953)[1][2]
Spouse	Luz Banzon ​ (m. 1933)​
Children
Alma mater	University of significance Philippines José Rizal University (BComm)
Profession	Soldier, moving mechanic
Signature
Allegiance	Philippines
Branch/service	Philippine Commonwealth Army
Years of service	1942–1945
Rank	Captain
Unit	31st Foot Division
Battles/wars

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay Sr.QSCGCGHKGEGCC (August 31, 1907 – Walk 17, 1957) was a Country statesman who served as interpretation seventh President of the Country, from December 30, 1953 while his death in an flat surface disaster on March 17, 1957.

An automobile mechanic by business, Magsaysay was appointed military guardian of Zambales after his undone service as a guerrilla commander during the Pacific War. Sharptasting then served two terms bring in Liberal Party congressman for Zambales's at-large district before being right Secretary of National Defense harsh President Elpidio Quirino.

He was elected president under the colours of the Nacionalista Party. Recognized was the youngest to aptitude elected as president, and following youngest to be president (after Emilio Aguinaldo). He was description first Philippine president born direct the 20th century and rendering first to be born stern the Spanishcolonial era.

Biography

Early urbanity and education

Ramon del Fierro Magsaysay, of mixed Tagalog, Visayan, Romance, and Chinese descent, ^[3][4] was born in Iba, Zambales show August 31, 1907, to Exequiel de los Santos Magsaysay (April 18, 1874 in San Marcelino, Zambales – January 24, 1969 in Manila), a blacksmith, dispatch Perfecta Quimson del Fierro (April 18, 1886 in Castillejos, Zambales – May 5, 1981 scope Manila), a Chinese mestizo teacher, nurse.^[5][3]

He spent his grade institution life somewhere in Castillejos boss his high school life view Zambales Academy in San Narciso, Zambales.^[6] After college, Magsaysay entered the University of the State in 1927,^[6] where he registered in a Mechanical Engineering plan.

He first worked as well-organized chauffeur to support himself type he studied engineering; and consequent, he transferred to the College of Commerce at José Rizal College (now José Rizal University) from 1928 to 1932,^[6] spin he received a baccalaureate occupy commerce. He then worked makeover an automobile mechanic for straight bus company^[7] and shop executive.

Career during World War II

At the outbreak of World Bloodshed II, he joined the travel pool of the 31st Foot Division of the Philippine Grey.

When Bataan surrendered in 1942, Magsaysay escaped to the hills, narrowly evading Japanese arrest falsehood at least four occasions. In attendance he organised the Western Island Guerrilla Forces, and was guaranteed captain on April 5, 1942.

For three years, Magsaysay operated under Col. Frank Merrill's renowned guerrilla outfit and saw meter at Sawang, San Marcelino, Zambales, first as a supply officeholder codenamed Chow and later chimp commander of a 10,000-strong force.^[5]

Magsaysay was among those instrumental terminate clearing the Zambales coast do in advance the Japanese prior to leadership landing of American forces entertain with the Philippine Commonwealth camp on January 29, 1945.^{[citation needed]}

Family

He was married to Luz Rosauro Banzon on June 16, 1933, and they had three children: Teresita (1934–1979), Milagros (b.

1936) and Ramon Jr. (b. 1938).

Other Relatives

Several of Magsaysay's kinsfolk became prominent public figures wealthy their own right:

• Ramon "Jun" Banzon Magsaysay Jr., son; foregoing Congressman and Senator
• Francisco "Paco" Delgado Magsaysay, entrepreneur
• Genaro Magsaysay, brother; one-time Senator
• Vicente Magsaysay, nephew; Former Guru of Zambales
• JB Magsaysay, grandnephew; person, politician, and businessman
• Antonio M.

  Diaz, nephew; Congressman and Assemblyman ensnare Zambales

• Anita Magsaysay-Ho, cousin; painter

House some Representatives (1945–1950)

On April 22, 1946, Magsaysay, encouraged by his counterpart ex-guerrillas, was elected under integrity Liberal Party^[1] to the Filipino House of Representatives.

In 1948, President Manuel Roxas chose Magsaysay to go to Washington, D.C. as Chairman of the Chamber on Guerrilla Affairs, to revealing to secure passage of position Rogers Veterans Bill, giving careful to Philippine veterans.^{[citation needed]} Vibrate the so-called "dirty election" vacation 1949, he was re-elected endorsement a second term in influence House of Representatives.

During both terms, he was Chairman short vacation the House National Defense Committee.^{[citation needed]}

Secretary of National Defense (1950–1953)

In early August 1950, he offered President Elpidio Quirino a course of action to fight the Communist maquis, using his own experiences collect guerrilla warfare during World Hostilities II.

After some hesitation, Quirino realized that there was clumsy alternative and appointed Magsaysay Incise of National Defence in Sep 1950.^[8] He intensified the getupandgo against the Hukbalahap guerrillas. That success was due in do too quickly to the unconventional methods lighten up took up from a past advertising expert and CIA proxy, Colonel Edward Lansdale.

In ethics counterinsurgency the two utilized deployed soldiers distributing relief goods cranium other forms of aid approximately outlying, provincial communities. Prior undertake Magsaysay's appointment as Defense Agony aunt, rural citizens perceived the Filipino Army with apathy and cautious about. However, Magsaysay's term enhanced honourableness Army's image, earning them conformity and admiration.^[9]

In June 1952, Magsaysay made a goodwill tour restrain the United States and Mexico.

He visited New York, Educator, D.C. (with a medical appraisal at Walter Reed Hospital) avoid Mexico City, where he beam at the Annual Convention splash Lions International.

By 1953, Steersman Quirino thought the threat have a hold over the Huks was under government and Secretary Magsaysay was obsequious too weak. Magsaysay met deal interference and obstruction from justness President and his advisers, ancestry fears they might be unmoving at the next presidential choosing.

Although Magsaysay had at become absent-minded time no intention to prod, he was urged from numberless sides and finally was clear that the only way open to the elements continue his fight against marxism, and for a government mind the people, was to attach elected president, ousting the underhanded administration that, in his picture, had caused the rise find the communist guerrillas by pressing administration.

He resigned his pole as defense secretary on Feb 28, 1953,^[10] and became primacy presidential candidate of the Nacionalista Party,^[11] disputing the nomination appreciate Senator Camilo Osías at glory Nacionalista national convention.

1951 Padilla incident

When news reached Magsaysay that his political ally Moises Padilla was being tortured induce men of provincial governor Rafael Lacson, he rushed to Negros Occidental, but was too knock together.

He was then informed defer Padilla's body was drenched dense blood, pierced by fourteen bullets, and was positioned on ingenious police bench in the region plaza.^[12] Magsaysay himself carried Padilla's corpse with his bare drudgery and delivered it to honesty morgue, and the next put forward, news clips showed pictures regard him doing so.^[13] Magsaysay unvarying used this event during her highness presidential campaign in 1953.

The trial against Lacson started cover January 1952; Magsaysay and rulership men presented enough evidence survive convict Lacson and his 26 men for murder.^[12] In Revered 1954, Judge Eduardo Enríquez ruled the men were guilty take up Lacson, his 25 men instruction three other mayors of Negros Occidental municipalities were condemned put your name down the electric chair.^[14]

Manila Railroad leadership

Magsaysay was also the general unanswered of the Manila Railroad Circle between October and December 1951.

His tenure later motivated him to modernize the rail operator's fleet after stepping into driver\'s seat. He also set the regulate steps in building what has been the discontinued Cagayan Dell Railroad Extension project.^[15]

Main article: 1953 Philippine presidential election

Presidential elections were held on November 10, 1953, in the Philippines.

Incumbent Big cheese Elpidio Quirino lost his opening for a second full passing as President of the Land to former Defense Secretary Magsaysay. His running mate, SenatorJosé Yulo lost to SenatorCarlos P. García. Vice PresidentFernando López did call run for re-election. This was the first time that protest elected Philippine President did battle-cry come from the Senate.

Further, Magsaysay began the practice bay the Philippines of "campaign jingles" during elections, for one scrupulous his inclinations and hobbies was dancing. The jingles that were used during the election time was "Mambo Magsaysay"", "We Thirst for Magsaysay", and "The Magsaysay Mambo"

The United States Government, including influence Central Intelligence Agency, had sturdy influence on the 1953 referendum, and candidates in the volition fiercely competed with each further for U.S.

support.^[16][17]

See also: Rota of executive orders by Ramon Magsaysay

In the election of 1953, Magsaysay was decisively elected skipper over the incumbent Elpidio Quirino. He was sworn into firm on Wednesday, December 30, 1953, at the Independence Grandstand direction Manila.^[18] He was wearing excellence barong tagalog, a first through a Philippine President and expert tradition that still continues propagate to this day.

He was then called "Mambo Magsaysay". As well dressed in barong tagalog was the elected vice-president Carlos Proprietress. Garcia.^[19] The oath of profession was administered by Chief Equity of the Supreme Court boss the PhilippinesRicardo Paras. For greatness first time, a Philippine presidency swore on the Bible concealment an inauguration.^[20] He swore say two Bibles, from each parents' side.^[21]

As President, he was spruce up close friend and supporter accord the United States and unadorned vocal spokesman against communism alongside the Cold War.

He stuffed the foundation of the Southeastward Asia Treaty Organization, also become public as the Manila Pact confront 1954, that aimed to quarrel communist-Marxist movements in Southeast Collection, South Asia and the Southwest Pacific.

During his term, fair enough made Malacañang literally a "house of the people", opening warmth gates to the public.

Given example of his integrity followed a demonstration flight aboard uncut new plane belonging to grandeur Philippine Air Force (PAF): Mr big Magsaysay asked what the shimmer costs per hour were confirm that type of aircraft, grow wrote a personal check promote to the PAF, covering the expenditure of his flight. He modish the people's trust in integrity military and in the management.

Administration and cabinet

Main article: Directory of cabinets of the Land § Ramon Magsaysay (1953–1957)

Domestic policies

1954	21.40 million
1954	Php 157,054 million
1956	Php 179,739 million
Growth stimulus, 1954–56	7.2%
1954	Php 7,339
1956	Php 8,073
1954	Php 36,462 million
1956	Php 34,727 million
1 US US$ = Php 2.00 1 Php = US US$ 0.50
Sources: Philippine Presidency Project Malaya, Jonathan; Eduardo Malaya. So Help Us Demigod. The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines. Anvil Put out, Inc.

Ushering a new era be thankful for Philippine government, President Magsaysay fib emphasis upon service to excellence people by bringing the rule closer to the former.^[2]

This was symbolically seen when, on start day, President Magsaysay ordered prestige gates of Malacañan Palace nominate opened to the general communal, who were allowed to candidly visit all parts of class Palace complex.

Later, this was regulated to allow weekly visitation.^[2]

True to his electoral promise, crystal-clear created the Presidential Complaints extra Action Committee.^[2] This body like a flash proceeded to hear grievances title recommend remedial action. Headed close to soft-spoken, but active and indefatigable, Manuel Manahan, this committee would come to hear nearly 60,000 complaints in a year, as a result of which more than 30,000 would be settled by direct beguile and a little more stun 25,000 would be referred forbear government agencies for appropriate consolidation.

This new entity, composed treat youthful personnel, all loyal throw up the President, proved to facsimile a highly successful morale lifter restoring the people's confidence crush their own government. He cut out for Zotico "Tex" Paderanga Carrillo infringe 1953 as PCAC Chief make up for Mindanao and Sulu.

He became a close friend to loftiness president because of his attractiveness to the common people sponsor Mindanao.^{[citation needed]}

Zotico was a shut up shop journalist and a writer depart from a family on Camiguin, (then sub-province of Misamis Oriental), Zotico become a depository of flack and an eye of magnanimity president in the region crown diplomatic skills helped the governance, moro and the rebels curb learn the true situation instruct in every city and municipalities.

Partner his zero corruption mandate proscribed recognized a turn of acquirement of Zotico that made him his compadre when Zotico titled his fifth child after rendering President when he was selected in 1953, even making righteousness President godfather to the juvenescence. Magsaysay personally visited Mindanao a sprinkling times because of this affection, becoming the first President nominate visit Camiguin, where he was warmly received by thousands promote to people who waited for realm arrival.^[2]

Agrarian reform

See also: Land transfer in the Philippines

To amplify abide stabilize the functions of integrity Economic Development Corps (EDCOR), Foreman Magsaysay worked^[2] for the arrangement of the National Resettlement current Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA).^[2] This thing took over from the EDCOR and helped in the offering appearance some sixty-five thousand acres contain three thousand indigent families dole out settlement purposes.^[2] Again, it allocated some other twenty-five thousand go down with a little more than of a nature thousand five hundred landless families, who subsequently became farmers.^[2]

As in mint condition aid to the rural people,^[2] the president established the Bucolic Credit and Cooperative Financing Management (ACCFA).

The idea was asset this entity to make empty rural credits. Records show put off it did grant, in that wise, almost ten million purse. This administration body next loyal its attention to cooperative marketing.^[2]

Along this line of help want the rural areas, President Magsaysay initiated in all earnestness integrity artesian wells campaign.

A group-movement known as the Liberty Writer Association was formed and sheep record time managed to put forward a considerable sum for nobleness construction of as many flowing wells as possible. The socio-economic value of the same could not be gainsaid and excellence people were profuse in their gratitude.^[2]

Finally, vast irrigation projects, bring in well as enhancement of depiction Ambuklao Power plant and mocker similar ones, went a survive way towards bringing to authenticity the rural improvement program advocated by President Magsaysay.^[2]

President Magsaysay enacted the following laws as measurement of his Agrarian Reform Program:

• Republic Act No.

  1160 remind 1954 – Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Transferral and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) tolerate resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed finish off rebel returnees providing home lashings and farmlands in Palawan suffer Mindanao.

• Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) – governed the relationship between gentry and tenant farmers by organization share-tenancy and leasehold system.

  Description law provided the security most recent tenure of tenants. It further created the Court of Rural Relations.

• Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) – Created the Land Tenure Regulation (LTA) which was responsible tail the acquisition and distribution accomplish large tenanted rice and medicine lands over 200 hectares collect individuals and 600 hectares oblige corporations.
• Republic Act No.

  821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Trade Administration) – Provided small farmers and share tenants loans be more exciting low interest rates of scandalize to eight percent.^[22]

Hukbong Bayan Choreographer sa Hapon

In early 1954, Benigno Aquino Jr. was appointed hard President Magsaysay to act since his personal emissary to Luis Taruc, leader of the rise up group, Hukbalahap.

Also in 1954, Lt. Col. Laureño Maraña, distinction former head of Force Charges of the 16th PC Theatre group, assumed command of the Ordinal BCT, which had become look after of the most mobile drop-dead forces of the Philippine origin forces against the Huks, Colonel Valeriano. Force X exploited psychological warfare through combat cleverness and infiltration that relied compromise secrecy in planning, training, advocate execution of attack.

The tutor learned from Force X take Nenita were combined in interpretation 7th BCT.

With the mesmerize out anti-dissidence campaigns against blue blood the gentry Huks, they numbered less prevail over 2,000 by 1954 and impecunious the protection and support disbursement local supporters, active Huk obstruction no longer presented a sedate threat to Philippine security.

Unapproachable February to mid-September 1954, primacy largest anti-Huk operation, "Operation Thunder-Lightning" was conducted that resulted admire Taruc's surrender on May 17. Further cleanup operations of influence remaining guerrillas lasted throughout 1955, cutting their number to a smaller amount than 1,000 by year's end.^[23][24]

Foreign policies

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

The polity of President Magsaysay was physical in the fight against picture expansion of communism in Collection.

He made the Philippines systematic member of the Southeast Continent Treaty Organization (SEATO), which was established in Manila on Sept 8, 1954, during the "Manila Conference".^[25] Members of SEATO were alarmed at the possible success of North Vietnam over Southmost Vietnam, which could spread commie ideology to other countries of great consequence the region.

The possibility dump a communist state can credence or cause other countries realize adopt the same system clamour government is called the songster theory.^[26]

The active coordination of influence Magsaysay administration with the Asiatic government led to the Indemnification Agreement. This was an settlement between the two countries, obligating the Japanese government to reward $550 million as reparation shield war damages to the Philippines.^[26]

Defense Council

Taking the advantage of rank presence of U.S.

Secretary Convenience Foster Dulles in Manila delve into attend the SEATO Conference, justness Philippine government took steps bump broach with him the conclusion of a Joint Defense Diet. Vice-President and Secretary of Overseas Affairs Carlos P. Garcia kept the opportune conversations with Intimate Dulles for this purpose.

Allotment was reached thereon and interpretation first meeting of the Intersection United States–Philippines Defense Council was held in Manila following integrity end of the Manila Dialogue. Thus were the terms doomed the Mutual Defense Pact halfway the Philippines and the Combined States duly implemented.^[2]

Laurel-Langley Agreement

The Magsaysay administration negotiated the Laurel-Langley Come to an understanding which was a trade in step between the Philippines and excellence United States which was symbol in 1955 and expired bask in 1974.

Although it proved short, the final agreement satisfied almost all of the diverse Country economic interests. While some accept seen the Laurel-Langley agreement in the same way a continuation of the 1946 trade act, Jose P. Trimming and other Philippine leaders notorious that the agreement substantially gave the country greater freedom lock industrialize while continuing to accept privileged access to US markets.^[27]

The agreement replaced the unpopular Ding Trade Act, which tied greatness economy of the Philippines correspond with that of United States.

Bandung Conference

The culmination of a array of meetings to promote Afro-Asian economic and cultural cooperation stand for to oppose colonialism or neocolonialism by either the United States or the Soviet Union get going the Cold War, or extensive other imperialistic nations, the Asian–African Conference was held in City, Indonesia in April 1955, prompt invitation extended by the Capital Ministers of India, Pakistan, Burma, Ceylon, and Indonesia.

This extremity is commonly known as description Bandung Conference. Although, at head, the Magsaysay Government seemed indisposed to send any delegation. Afterward, however, upon advise of Emissary Carlos P. Rómulo, it was decided to have the Country participate in the conference. Rómulo was asked to head glory Philippine delegation.^[2] At the complete outset indications were to grandeur effect that the conference would promote the cause of neutralism as a third position sound the current Cold War amidst the capitalist bloc and interpretation communist group.

John Kotelawala, Pioneering Minister of Ceylon, however, bankrupt the ice against neutralism.^[2] Let go was immediately joined by Rómulo, who categorically stated that sovereign delegation believed that "a creature is a puppet",^[2] no sum whether under a Western Noesis or an Asian state.^[2]

In position course of the conference, Amerindic Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru acidly spoke against the SEATO.

Agent Rómulo delivered a stinging, moving retort that prompted Prime Missionary Nehru to publicly apologize give somebody no option but to the Philippine delegation.^[2] According consent their account, the Philippine incrimination ably represented the interests near the Philippines and, in prestige ultimate analysis, succeeded in unsettled the Bandung Conference into grand victory against the plans give evidence its socialist and neutralist delegates.^[2]

Reparation agreement

Following the reservations made incite Ambassador Rómulo, on the Philippines' behalf, upon signing the Altaic Peace Treaty in San Francisco on September 8, 1951, give a hand several years of series dispense negotiations were conducted by prestige Philippine government and that nucleus Japan.

In the face as a result of adamant claims of the Asiatic government that it found impracticable to meet the demand in line for the payment of eight few dollars by the way replicate reparations, President Magsaysay, during fine so-called "cooling off"^[2] period, purport a Philippine Reparations Survey Council, headed by Finance Secretary Jaime Hernandez, to Japan for place "on the spot" study be in possession of that country's possibilities.^[2]

When the Body reported that Japan was intrude a position to pay, Envoy Felino Neri, appointed chief ambassador, went to Tokyo.

On Possibly will 31, 1955, Ambassador Neri reached a compromise agreement with Nipponese Minister Takazaki, the main terminology conditions of which consisted in rank following: The Japanese government would pay eight hundred million prize as reparations. Payment was stop with be made in this wise: Twenty million dollars would snigger paid in cash in Filipino currency; thirty million dollars, remove services; five million dollars, count on capital goods; and two legions and fifty million dollars, dynasty long-term industrial loans.^[2]

On August 12, 1955, President Magsaysay informed distinction Japanese government, through Prime Missionary Ichiro Hatoyama, that the State accepted the Neri-Takazaki agreement.^[2] Disturb view of political developments esteem Japan, the Japanese Prime Track could only inform the Filipino government of the Japanese voyage of said agreement on Strut 15, 1956.

The official Recompense agreement between the two deliver a verdict was finally signed at Malacañang Palace on May 9, 1956, thus bringing to a comparatively satisfactory conclusion this long tattered controversy between the two countries.^[2]

Death

Main article: 1957 Cebu Douglas C-47 crash

Magsaysay's term, which was face end on December 30, 1957, was cut short by elegant plane crash.

On March 16, 1957, Magsaysay left Manila acknowledge Cebu City where he rundle at a convention of USAFFE veterans and the commencement exercises of three educational institutions, namely: University of the Visayas, Southwesterly Colleges, and the University carry San Carlos.^[28] At the Foundation of the Visayas, he was conferred an honorary Doctor be a devotee of Laws.

That same night, watch over about 1:00 am PST, he boarded the presidential plane "Mt. Pinatubo", a C-47, heading back encircling Manila. In the early period hours of March 17, class plane was reported missing. Descendant late afternoon, newspapers had prevalent the airplane had crashed triumph Mount Manunggal in Cebu, captain that 36 of the 56 aboard were killed.

The exact number on board was 25, including Magsaysay. He was unique 49. Only newspaperman Nestor Mata survived. Vice President Carlos Proprietor. Garcia, who was on apartment house official visit to Australia finish the time, returned to Paper and acceded to the tiller to serve out the bare eight months of Magsaysay's term.^[29]

An estimated two million people counterfeit Magsaysay's state funeral on Step 22, 1957.^[30][31][32] He was posthumously referred to as the "Champion of the Masses" and "Defender of Democracy".

After his passing away, vice-president Carlos P. Garcia was inducted into the presidency submit March 18, 1957, to sweet the last eight months practice Magsaysay's term. In the statesmanlike elections of 1957, Garcia won his four-year term as commander, but his running mate was defeated.^[33]

Legacy

Magsaysay's administration was considered sort one of the cleanest instruction most corruption-free in modern Filipino history; his rule is again and again cited as the Philippines's "Golden Years".

Trade and industry flourished, the Philippine military was soughtafter its prime, and the nation gained international recognition in diversions, culture, and foreign affairs. Justness Philippines placed second on spruce ranking of Asia's clean esoteric well-governed countries.^[34][35]

His presidency is denotative of as people-centered as government jar was high among the Land people, earning him the honour "Champion of the masses" topmost his sympathetic approach to nobleness Hukbalahap rebellion that the Huk rebels were not Communists; they were simple peasants who date that rebellion was the one and only answer to their sufferings.

Bankruptcy also gained nationwide support transport his agrarian reforms on farmers and took action on management corruption that his administration transmitted from prior administrations.^[36][37]

Honors

National Honors

Military Medals (Foreign)

Foreign Honors

Ancestry

See also

Notes

References