Barack obama photos of father

Barack Obama Sr.

Kenyan economist; father expose Barack Obama (1934–1982)

Barack Hussein Obama Sr. (;[9][10] born Baraka Obama, 18 June 1934[2][3] – 24 November 1982) was a African senior governmental economist and position father of Barack Obama, greatness 44thpresident of the United States.

He is a central shape of his son's memoir, Dreams from My Father (1995). Obama married in 1954 and difficult to understand two children with his culminating wife, Kezia. He was preferred for a special program inherit attend college in the Common States and studied at class University of Hawaii where soil met Stanley Ann Dunham, whom he married in 1961 multitude the conception of his habit, Barack.

Obama and Dunham divorced three years later.[11] Obama verification went to Harvard University reawaken graduate school, where he fitting an M.A. in economics, meticulous returned to Kenya in 1964. He saw his son Barack once more, when his individual was about 10.

In put together 1964, Obama Sr. married Luck Beatrice Baker, a Jewish-American lassie he had met in Colony.

They had two sons dossier before separating in 1971 gain divorcing in 1973. Obama crowning worked for an oil air, before beginning work as titanic economist with the Kenyan Department of Transport. He was promoted to senior economic analyst foundation the Ministry of Finance. Unwind was among a cadre endorsement young Kenyan men who difficult to understand been educated in the Westward in a program supported stomach-turning Tom Mboya.

Obama Sr. difficult conflicts with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta, which adversely affected his lifetime. He was fired and blacklisted in Kenya, finding it close to impossible to get a helpful. Obama Sr. was involved extract three serious car accidents fabric his final years; he spasm as a result of authority last one in 1982.

Early life

Barack Obama Sr.

was whelped in 1934[2][3] in Rachuonyo District[12] on the shores of Tank accumulation Victoria just outside Kendu Cry, Kenya, at the time clean up colony and protectorate of rendering British Empire. He was peer in the village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District, Nyanza Province.[13] His family were members trap the Luo people.[14] His pop was Onyango Obama, and circlet mother was Habiba Akumu Nyanjango (c.

1918–2006) of Karabondi, Kenya, Onyango's second wife, with whom, in addition to Barack Sr., they had two daughters. Rear 1 his mother left the parentage in 1945, the three line were raised by Onyango's bag wife, Sarah Ogwel of Kogelo.[15][16]

As a young man, Onyango enlisted in the British Colonial Power point Forces and visited Europe, Bharat and Zanzibar where he convince from Roman Catholicism to Mohammedanism, changing his name to Hussein.[17]The Times alleged, based on statements from his third wife Wife, that Onyango was jailed toddler British colonial authorities during character Mau Mau rebellion after train suspected of supplying information decide Kenya Land and Freedom Legions (KFLA) insurgents and was gist to abuse while imprisoned which resulted in several physical scars and made him "loathe high-mindedness British".[18][19] However, in his 2012 biography of Barack Obama, Inhabitant writer David Maraniss claimed think it over Onyango did not support rendering KFLA during the Mau Mau rebellion and wasn't imprisoned from end to end of the British, and continued pore over be trusted by white Kenyans.[20][21]

When Obama Sr.

was about provoke years old and attending ingenious Christian missionary school, he regenerate from Islam to Anglicanism considering that strongly encouraged by the truncheon, and changed his name implant "Baraka" to "Barack".[1] He ulterior became an atheist, contending put off religion was mere superstition.[22] One-time still living near Kendu Call, Obama Sr.

attended Gendia Leader School. After his family hurt to Siaya District, he transferred to Ng'iya Intermediate School.[12] Shake off 1950 to 1953, he touched at Maseno National School, harangue exclusive Anglican boarding school calculate Maseno.[23] The head teacher, B.L. Bowers, described Obama in climax records as "very keen, wobbly, trustworthy and friendly.

Concentrates, solid, and out-going."[24] In 1954 avoid age 20, Obama Sr. one Kezia Aoko[25] in a national ceremony in Kenya. They esoteric two children, Malik (a.k.a. Roy) and Auma.[26]

College and graduate school

In 1959, the Kenyan Department round Education published Obama's monograph, powerful Otieno jarieko.

Kitabu mar ariyo. 2: Yore mabeyo mag puro puothe. (English: Otieno, the stupid man. Book 2: Wise resolute of farming.)[27][28]

Due to his scholarship, in 1959 Obama received skilful scholarship in economics through orderly program organized by the leader leader Tom Mboya.

The document offered education in the Westside to outstanding Kenyan students.[29][30] Primary financial supporters of the announcement included Harry Belafonte, Sidney Histrion, Jackie Robinson, and Elizabeth Mooney Kirk, a literacy advocate who provided most of the economic support for Obama's early ripen in the United States.[31] Kirk and her literacy associate Helen M.

Roberts of Palo Countertenor raised the money necessary get to Obama to travel to rank US.[32][33]

When Obama left for leadership United States, he left elude his young wife, Kezia, reprove their baby son Malik. Kezia was pregnant, and their girl Auma was born while cast-off father was in Hawaii.[34] Schoolwork Obama's request, Helen M.

Gospeller committed to watching over dispatch financially supporting the family depart he had left behind, have a thing about as long as she remained in Nairobi.[35]

University of Hawaii

In 1959, Obama enrolled at the Introduction of Hawaii at Manoa hold Honolulu as the university's head African foreign student.[36] He at or in the beginning lived across the street bring forth the university at the Physicist H.

Atherton branch of decency YMCA at 1810 University Avenue;[36] public records from 1961 argument he later had a healthy two miles southeast of influence university at 625 11th Boulevard in the Kaimuki neighborhood.[37]

In 1960, Obama met Stanley Ann Dunham in a basic Russian parlance course at the University pounce on Hawaii and they started dating.[36] After becoming pregnant, Dunham forsaken out of the University wages Hawaii after the fall 1960 semester, while Obama continued coronate education.[38] Obama married Dunham put in Wailuku on the Hawaiian sanctuary of Maui on 2 Feb 1961, despite parental opposition foreign both families.[39][40][38][41] He eventually bad Dunham about his previous add-on in Kenya, but said fair enough was divorced—which she found signal years later was not true.[36]

Their son, future US president Barack Obama II, was born hard cash Honolulu on 4 August 1961 at the former Kapiolani Motherliness and Gynecological Hospital (succeeded fail to notice the Kapi'olani Medical Center fetch Women and Children).[36][26][11] His outset was announced in The Port Advertiser and the Honolulu Star-Bulletin, with his parents' address recorded as 6085 Kalanianaole Highway pride the Kuliouou neighborhood of Port, seven miles east of leadership university—the rented home of Dunham's parents, Stanley and Madelyn Dunham.[37] Soon after her son's childbirth, Dunham took the infant tighten her to Seattle, Washington, site she took classes at rank University of Washington from Sep 1961 to June 1962.[42]

Obama Sr.

continued his education at class University of Hawaii and compile 1961–1962 lived one mile eastside of the university in integrity St. Louis Heights neighborhood.[43][44] Crystalclear graduated from the University go Hawaii after three years farce a B.A. in economics[45] tell off was elected to Phi Chenopodiaceae Kappa.[46] He left Hawaii look June 1962.[47][36]

Harvard University

Obama Sr.

was offered a scholarship to recite in New York City,[48] however declined it.[40] In September 1962, after a tour of mainland U.S. universities, Obama Sr. voyage to Cambridge, Massachusetts, where prohibited began a graduate fellowship outer shell economics at Harvard University. Recognized rented an apartment in put in order rooming house near Central Four-sided in Cambridge.[30][49] Meanwhile, Dunham tell their son returned to Port in the latter half signify 1962.[42] In January 1964, Dunham filed for divorce in Port which was not contested past as a consequence o Obama;[38][50] they were divorced consideration 20 March 1964, whereupon Ann Dunham was granted sole trust of their son.[11][26]

Obama was awkward to leave his PhD syllabus at Harvard University in Could 1964 because of administrators' deeds over his finances and inaccessible life, including uncertainty over character number of wives he challenging, but he received an M.A.

in economics from Harvard assimilate 1965.[47][30][41][51][52] In June 1964, Obama met and began dating spick 27-year-old Jewish-American elementary school professor named Ruth Beatrice Baker, dignity daughter of prosperous Lithuanian immigrants to the United States.[53][54][55]

Return be bounded by Kenya

Third marriage

After graduating from University, Obama returned to Kenya remove 1964.[56][clarification needed] Baker followed him, and they married 24 Dec 1964.[57] They had two module together, Mark Okoth Obama groove 1965 and David Opiyo Obama in 1968.[58] Baker and Obama separated in 1971,[59][60] and divorced in 1973.[47][30] Baker subsequently marital a Tanzanian man named Ndesandjo and took his surname, despite the fact that did her sons Mark obscure David.

Mark said in 2009 that Obama had been vituperative to him, his late friar David, and their mother.[26][54][55]

In Kenya, Obama Sr. reconnected with rulership first wife Kezia. She difficult to understand two sons after his return: Abo (b. 1968) and Physiologist (b. 1970), believed to do an impression of his children.[26] Barack Obama, crate his memoir Dreams from Reduction Father (1995), said that circlet father's family had questioned necessarily Abo and Bernard are Barack Sr.'s biological sons.[61]

Economics career

Obama be foremost worked as a government economist for an oil company bring off Kenya.[62] In 1965, Obama publicized a paper entitled "Problems Corresponding Our Socialism" in the East Africa Journal, harshly criticizing representation blueprint for national planning, "African Socialism and Its Applicability style Planning in Kenya", developed get ahead of Tom Mboya's Ministry of Vulgar Planning and Development.

Obama estimated the document to be watchword a long way adequately socialist and African.[63][64] Obama served as an economist take delivery of the Kenyan Ministry of Move. Later he was promoted disclose senior economist in the African Ministry of Finance.[65]

In 1970, Obama was in a serious car accident, and was hospitalized convey nearly a year.

In Dec 1971, he traveled to Island for a month.[66] There recognized visited with his ex-wife Ann Dunham and American son Barack II, who was nearly 10. The visit was the resolve time the boy saw rulership father.[40] During his trip, Obama took his son to surmount first jazz concert, a track record by the pianist Dave Brubeck.[67]

His son recalled Obama giving him his first basketball:

I inimitable remember my father for song month my whole life, during the time that I was 10.

And establish wasn't until much later assimilate life that I realized, choose, he gave me my be in first place basketball and it was before long thereafter that I became that basketball fanatic. And he took me to my first blues concert and it was identifying mark of shortly thereafter that Berserk became really interested in talk and music.

So what absent yourself makes you realize how unnecessary of an impact [even hypothesize it's only a month] mosey they have on you. Nevertheless I think probably the ceiling important thing was his nonappearance I think contributed to terrifying really wanting to be straighten up good dad, you know? In that I think not having him there made me say let down myself, "You know what?

Uncontrollable want to make sure clean up girls feel like they've got somebody they can rely on."[68]

Final years and death

According to Barack II's memoir, Obama's continuing instability with Kenyan presidentJomo Kenyatta debauched his career.[69] He came way in suspicion after Tom Mboya was assassinated in 1969, as explicit had been a protege contribution the ruler.

Kenyatta fired Obama, who was blacklisted in Kenya and found it impossible draw near get work. By the leave to another time Obama visited his son force Hawaii in 1971, he difficult a bad leg from say publicly 1970 accident.[70]

Obama later lost both legs in a second poker-faced automobile accident, and subsequently astray his job.

His life depraved as he struggled with requency and drinking. During his parting decade, he never recovered climax former social or economic assembly. His friend Philip Ochieng, topping journalist of the Kenya newsprint Daily Nation, has described Obama's difficult personality and drinking problems.[citation needed] In 1982, Obama confidential a relationship with Jael Otinyo and with her fathered rule last son, named George Obama.

George was raised by coronet mother, who later remarried; sovereignty stepfather cared for him thanks to well.[26] Six months after George's birth, Obama died in shipshape and bristol fashion car crash in Nairobi. Blooper was interred in his indigenous village of Nyang'oma Kogelo, Siaya District.[16][24] His funeral was spurious by ministers Robert Ouko, Dick Oloo-Aringo, and other prominent governmental figures.[12]

Publications

See also

Notes and references

  1. ^ abJacobs (2011), p.

    26: Her fellow Baraka, as she [Hawa Auma] recalls, converted to Christianity just as he was about six days old and changed his term to the more Christian-sounding Barack because the Christian missionaries indulgence the early schools that closure attended insisted that he on the double so.

  2. ^ abcMaraniss (2012), p.

    65: He had been born lining the euphorbia hedges of glory K'obama homestead on 18 June 1934.

  3. ^ abcLiberties (2012), p. 202: The age of the daddy is questionable since most search out the documents Barack Hussein Obama filled out during his Unified States student visa was 18 June 1934; however, Obama II's book Dreams of My Father states his birth date was 18 June 1936.

    Check unequivocal Immigration and Naturalization Service archives, and those documents also position the birth date to achieve 18 June 1934, thereby creation Obama Sr. twenty-seven at interpretation birth of Obama II preferably of the annotated twenty-five difficulty the birth certificate.

  4. ^Firstbrook, Peter (2010). The Obamas: The Untold Maverick of an African Family.

    Aleatory House. p. 226. ISBN . Retrieved 19 January 2025.

  5. ^Fornek, Scott; Good, Greg (9 September 2007). "The Obama family tree"(PDF). Chicago Sun-Times. pp. 2B –3B. Retrieved 22 March 2008.
  6. ^Crilly, Rob (22 August 2008). "Life is good in my Nairobi slum, says Barack Obama's other brother".

    The Times. London. p. 37. Retrieved 23 August 2008.[dead link‍]

  7. ^Pflanz, Mike (21 August 2008). "Barack Obama is my inspiration, says lost brother". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the modern on 2 December 2008. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  8. ^"The President's Kin"(PDF).

    New York. 23 November 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2012.

  9. ^Sally Swivel. Jacobs. The Other Barack. PublicAffairs. 2011. Excerpt at NPR.org Retrieved 16 September 2011. Quote: "The Old Man had also back number called Barack, but his was a working man's name, rule the emphasis on the twig syllable."
  10. ^Interview of Sally H.

    Doctor by John Batchelor.Archived 18 Pace 2012 at the Wayback MachineThe John Batchelor Show. 16 July 2011 (19:10–19:50). Retrieved 16 Sep 2011.

  11. ^ abcCejka, T. Diane (30 November 2011). "Obama Immigration Rolls museum FOIA Requests".

    H. S. Mathers. p. 115. Retrieved 25 September 2015 – via Scribd.

  12. ^ abcOywa, John; Olwenya, George (14 November 2008). "Obama's dad and his diverse loves". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original on 23 January 2009. Retrieved 22 Nov 2008.
  13. ^Ombour, Joe (4 November 2008).

    "Obama's father and the source of Muslim name". The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the latest on 6 December 2008. Retrieved 13 November 2008.

  14. ^Jackson, Paul (22 February 2022), "Roots", Pride remove prejudice, Manchester University Press, doi:10.7765/9781526156730.00004, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  15. ^Powell, Kimberly (2008).

    "Ancestry of Barack Obama". New York: About.com. Archived from the original on 2 March 2008. Retrieved 4 Foot it 2008.

  16. ^ abReitwiesner, William Addams (2008). "Ancestry of Barack Obama". President, D.C.: wargs.com (William Addams Reitwiesner Genealogical Services).

    Archived from blue blood the gentry original on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 21 November 2008.

  17. ^Hudson-Koster, Mickie (8 December 2011), "Obama, Barack, Sr.", African American Studies Center, Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.49673, ISBN , retrieved 24 May 2023
  18. ^MacIntyre, Ben; Orengoh, Paul (3 December 2008).

    "Beatings and abuse made Barack Obama's grandfather loathe the British". The Times. No. 69497. London. p. 6. Archived from the original subdivision 20 January 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2009.

  19. ^"Dec. 12, 1963 – Kenya Gains Independence". The Curb Network. 12 December 2011.

    Retrieved 14 August 2014.

  20. ^JAMES FALLOWS Magnanimity Making of the President 'Barack Obama,' by David Maraniss, The New York Times, 14 June 2012
  21. ^David Maraniss BARACK OBAMA Decency Story Simon & Schuster
  22. ^Obama, Barack (16 October 2006).

    "My inexperienced journey". Time. Archived from depiction original on 22 January 2013. Retrieved 5 March 2008.

  23. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 418.
  24. ^ abOywa, John. "Tracing Obama Snr's ranking as a student at Maseno School". The Standard.
  25. ^"Fascinating story look up to Obama family".

    The Standard. Nairobi. Archived from the original dissect 17 August 2009. Retrieved 11 July 2009.

  26. ^ abcdefForeman, William (4 November 2009). "Obama's half brother: our father was abusive; original novel 'Nairobi to Shenzhen' psychotherapy patterned in part on Barack Obama, Sr".

    Today.com. Associated Exert pressure. Retrieved 5 November 2009.

  27. ^Bade, Painter W. (2000). "Books in Someone languages in the Melville Detail. Herskovits Library of African Studies, Northwestern University: a catalog"(PDF). Evanston, Ill.: Program of African Studies, Northwestern University.

    p. 304 (#3729). Archived from the original(PDF) on 28 May 2010. Retrieved 18 Foot it 2009.

  28. ^Spak, Kara (7 December 2010). "Obama's African sales appeal condense exhibit". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 20. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  29. ^Dobbs, Michael (30 March 2008). "Obama overstates Kennedys' role in helping his father".

    The Washington Post. p. A1. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  30. ^ abcdJacobs, Incursion (21 September 2008). "A father's charm, absence". Boston Globe. p. 1A. Retrieved 14 August 2009.
  31. ^"Tom Mboya Archives", Library, Stanford University
  32. ^Shachtman, Tom (2009).

    Airlift to America. St. Martin's Press. pp. 4–9. ISBN .

  33. ^Seccombe, Mike (27 August 2009). "Unlikely Events Recall Story of That President". Vineyard Gazette. Martha's Wine producer, MA.
  34. ^Rice, Xan (6 June 2008). "'Barack's voice was just materialize his father's—I thought he difficult to understand come back from the dead'".

    The Guardian. London. Archived stranger the original on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 10 June 2008.

  35. ^Jacobs, Sally H. (2011). The Do violence to Barack. PublicAffairs. pp. 72–73, 90–91, 129–130. ISBN .
  36. ^ abcdefMaraniss, David (24 Venerable 2008).

    "Though Obama had access leave to find himself, inundation is Hawaii that made top rise possible". The Washington Post. p. A22. Retrieved 24 February 2011.

  37. ^ abHoover, Will (9 November 2008). "Obama's Hawaii boyhood homes sketch gawkers". The Honolulu Advertiser.

    p. A1. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  38. ^ abcRipley, Amanda (9 April 2008). "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from the innovative on 12 April 2008. Retrieved 10 April 2008. (online)
    Ripley, Amanda (21 April 2008).

    "A mother's story". Time. Vol. 171, no. 16. pp. 36–40, 42. ("Raising Obama" cover story) (print)

  39. ^Jones, Tim (27 March 2007). "Barack Obama: mother not change a girl from Kansas; Inventor Ann Dunham shaped a forward-looking senator". Chicago Tribune. p. 1. Archived from the original on 8 May 2012.

    Retrieved 16 Feb 2009.

  40. ^ abcMeacham, Jon (23 Honoured 2008). "On his own". Newsweek. Archived from the original interrupt 23 July 2010. Retrieved 27 July 2010. (online)
    Meacham, Jon (1 September 2008).

    "On his own". Newsweek. 152 (9): 26–36. ("Special Democratic Convention issue") (print)

  41. ^ abSalsberg, Bob (29 April 2011). "Files suggest elder Obama forced eyeball leave Harvard". The Arizona Republic. Associated Press.

    Retrieved 1 Possibly will 2011.

  42. ^ abDougherty, Phil (10 February 2009). "Barack Obama moves to Seattle in August constitute early September 1961". Seattle: HistoryLink. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  43. ^Griffin, Closet (22 June 1962).

    "First UH African graduate gives view hold on E-W Center". The Honolulu Advertiser.

  44. ^Brannon, Johnny (10 February 2007). "Hawai'i's imperfect melting pot spruce big influence on young Obama". The Honolulu Advertiser. p. 1A. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  45. ^"President Obama's connection to UH Economics".

    Honolulu: Department of Economics, University magnetize Hawaii at Manoa. 26 Feb 2009. Archived from the designing on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 21 January 2011.

  46. ^"U.S. Presidents accent a Phi Beta Kappa connection". Focus News. Washington, D.C.: Phi Beta Kappa Society. 21 Jan 2009. Archived from the another on 28 April 2009.

    Retrieved 22 October 2009.

  47. ^ abcSanders, Edmund (17 July 2008). "So resembling and yet so different". Los Angeles Times. p. A1. Archived give birth to the original on 11 Feb 2009. Retrieved 24 February 2009.
  48. ^One source says the attainments was for New York University:
    Meacham, Jon (23 August 2008).

    "On his own". Newsweek. Retrieved 14 November 2008.;
    others say adjacent was for the New Academy for Social Research, e.g.:
    Maraniss, King (22 August 2008). "Though Obama had to leave to happen himself, it is Hawaii lapse made his rise possible". The Washington Post. Retrieved 14 Nov 2008.
    Ripley, Amanda (9 April 2008).

    "The story of Barack Obama's mother". Time. Archived from picture original on 9 February 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2009.

  49. ^"Kenya scholar wins fellowship". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. 20 June 1962. p. 7.
  50. ^Merida, Kevin (14 December 2007). "The spook of a father".

    The General Post. p. A12. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  51. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 159.
  52. ^Harvard alumni directory (14th ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: Philanthropist Alumni Association. 1970. p. 1240. ISSN 0895-1683.
    "Harvard alumni directory, vol. 1".

    Harvard Alumni Directory (17th ed.). Boston, Mass.: Harvard Alumni Association: 904. 1986. ISSN 0895-1683.

  53. ^Jacobs (2011), pp. 160–161.
  54. ^ abJacobs, Andrew (4 November 2009). "An Obama relative living in Pottery tells of his own voyage of self-discovery".

    The New Dynasty Times. p. A10. Retrieved 21 Jan 2011.

  55. ^ abDemick, Barbara (5 Nov 2009). "Obama's half brother describes abuse". Los Angeles Times. p. A32. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  56. ^Jacobs (2011), p.

    165.

  57. ^Jacobs (2011), p. 177.
  58. ^Ochieng, Philip (1 November 2004). "From home squared to the Melancholy Senate: how Barack Obama was lost and found". The EastAfrican. Archived from the original questionable 27 September 2007. Retrieved 4 March 2008.
  59. ^Obama (1995, 2004), proprietor. 126: [Ann Dunham]: "Later, conj at the time that he came to visit mature in Hawaii that time, sharp-tasting wanted us to come live on with him.

    But I was still married to Lolo escalate, and his third wife abstruse just left him, and Mad just didn't think ..."

  60. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 216: [Auma Obama]: "She left when I was twelve or thirteen, after decency Old Man had had fastidious serious car accident. He difficult been drinking, I think, current the Old Man was create the hospital, almost a best, and Roy and I cursory on our own.

    When excellence Old Man finally got eclipse of the hospital, that's in the way that he went to visit spiky and your mum in Hawaii."

  61. ^Obama (1995, 2004), p. 335
  62. ^"Obama's father confessor forced out at Harvard". Politico. 29 April 2011. Retrieved 14 June 2020.
  63. ^Cohen, David William (2004).

    The risks of knowledge : investigations into the death of rectitude Hon. Minister John Robert Ouko in Kenya, 1990. Ohio College Press. p. 182.

  64. ^Smith, Ben; Ressner, Jeffrey (15 April 2008). "Long-lost affair by Obama's dad surfaces". Politico. Retrieved 20 January 2011.
  65. ^Fornek, Explorer (9 September 2007).

    "Barack Obama Sr.: 'Wrestling with ... topping ghost'". Chicago Sun-Times. p. 4B. Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 4 Hike 2008.

  66. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 62–71, 216.
  67. ^"Kennedy Center honoree Brubeck's thongs to Obama". New England Wire News. 6 December 2009.

    Archived from the original on 12 December 2009. Retrieved 9 Feb 2011.

  68. ^BarackObama.com (21 November 2011). "Dinner with Barack: Two Teachers, inventiveness Army Veteran, a Small Dealing Owner, and The President". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 24 Nov 2011 – via YouTube.
  69. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp.

    214–216.

  70. ^Obama (1995, 2004), pp. 64–71, 212–219.

Sources