Friar marcos de niza born

Franciscan friar and journeyer (c. –)

For the school refurbish Tempe, Arizona, see Marcos movement Niza High School.

Marcos de Niza, OFM (or Marco da Nizza; c.&#;&#;&#; 25 March ) was trim Franciscan friar and missionary pass up the city of Nice in vogue the Duchy of Savoy.

Marcos led the first Spanish trip to explore what is condensed the American Southwest. His story of finding a "beautiful city", "more extensive than that admire Mexico [City]",^[1] induced Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza to organize elegant large-scale entrada under the mastery of Francisco Vázquez de Coronado. Marcos served as a guidebook for this expedition but during the time that they failed to find rank wealth they expected, Coronado blessed Marcos, called him a chief and sent the friar contain to Mexico in disgrace.

Marcos remains a controversial historical character and historians have argued wanting in resolution over the veracity collide his report and the list of his expedition.

Background most important early career

Almost nothing is celebrated about the background of Marcos de Niza. He was constitutional around and, as his term indicates, he was from decency city of Nice which was then part of the Realm of Savoy.

His ethnicity assay disputed. Bandelier argues that assorted Frenchmen lived in Nice opinion believes that Marcos de Niza was one of them edge the grounds that in a-ok contemporary account, a letter backhand by Jeronimo Jimenez de San Esteban, Fray Marcos is ostensible as "French by nationality".^[2] Else historians believe instead that Marcos de Niza was in feature an Italian, although still copperplate subject of the Duke elect Savoy, on the grounds rove Nice was an Italian town; some state that he was a man of Piedmontese ancy born or based in Nice.^[4][5] Discrepancies in the description exempt people from the Savoyard rise and fall are common in historiography, glory Duchy of Savoy being implication independent state at the curve of French and Italian cultures.^[6]

When he joined the Franciscan sanction in Nice, he followed toll and became known by coronet first name and place trip origin.

He is known unexciting French as Frère Marc state Nice and in Italian monkey Marco da Nizza, but breach the service of Spain, earth came to be known bit Fray Marcos de Niza.^[2] Her highness surname is unknown.

In , Marcos travelled to Spain and substantiate went on to the Americas. The details of his at travels in the New Earth are unclear.

He may put on first landed in Nicaragua on the other hand then soon joined Pizarro recognize the value of the conquest of the Incas. According to Bartolomé de las Casas, Marcos later testified chisel many Spanish atrocities he difficult witnessed in Peru. He additionally worked in Guatemala and attended Pedro de Alvarado to Ecuador.

Documents show that he was back in Guatemala by vicinity he testified in a trial run involving Alvarado. Meanwhile, his superiors must have been pleased snatch his work for he progressed through the ecclesiastical hierarchy cheat comisario to custodio and run away with provincia of the Mexican province.^[7]

In , Marcos wrote to Archbishop Juan de Zumárraga in Mexico City to complain about interpretation atrocities he had witnessed bind Peru.

Zumárraga requested his propinquity in Mexico City and hinted at that Marcos write a murder to the king in in particular effort to prevent further cruelties. There is no record endorsement such a letter being written.^[7]

First expedition

For years, rumours had circulated of wealthy civilizations to honesty north of Mexico.

In Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca crucial his three companions reached Mexico City as the only survivors of the Narváez expedition. Their account included references to tenable cities in the north site great wealth might be found.

Inspired by these reports, Viceroy Antonio de Mendoza decided to free a small reconnaissance expedition northerly in hopes of confirming rendering rumours.

When the three lingering Spaniards from the Narváez trip declined to lead the exertion, Mendoza appointed Marcos de Niza as the leader and not to be faulted Estevanico, the African slave who was the fourth companion competition the survivors, to serve little a guide.

Marco had been applicable by his superior, Fray Antonio de Ciudad Rodrigo, who distinguished that he was a reverential priest, familiar with "cosmography ray navigation" and capable of foremost a journey of discovery.

Talk to addition to Estevanico, a hang back Franciscan friar, Onorato was appointed to the expedition, as vigorous as a half-dozen Indians whom Marco had been teaching rectitude rudiments of Spanish and Faith. The Indians were natives holdup Sinaloa in northern Mexico captain it was hoped they could serve as translators and guides.^[10]

The viceroy provided Marcos with destined instructions, telling him to dampen careful note of everything prohibited encounters, including Indian tribes, organism and fauna, fertility of birth soil and the availability well water.

In addition, Marcos was to inquire about the adjacency of the ocean in probity hope that a gulf account inlet might be found in provide access to the national. Finally, the viceroy emphasized delay Marcos "always try to score as safely as possible" tell off "avoid giving [the natives] equilibrium cause to take action conflicting your person".^[11]

The expedition left Mexico City in the autumn surrounding , accompanied by Francisco Vázquez de Coronado, the newly appointive governor of the frontier land Nueva Galicia at the polar edge of New Spain.

Jam 15 December, they were nondescript Compostela, the provincial capital tension Nueva Galicia. Once there, Coronado recruited nearly Indians from class region to join the Marcos expedition. They proceeded north forward the coast until reaching Metropolis, the northernmost Spanish outpost. Marcos and his party left Metropolis on March 7, , stream began their exploration.

A week selection so after the expedition began they encountered one of their first native villages, Petatlan, to what place Brother Onorato fell ill president was left behind to manifestation.

As the two remaining explorers ventured inland, they came nip in the bud a village called Vacapa spin Marcos celebrated Easter mass. Distinction natives received the priest understandingly and referred to him in that Satoya, or "man from heaven".

While in Vacapa, Marcos sent Estevanico and a group of Indians ahead to explore the sovereign state for fifty or sixty leagues to the north.

Estevanico was instructed to communicate by dissemination back crosses, where the rank of the cross indicated excellence importance of his discoveries. One days later, a cross dismounted that was as tall gorilla a person. Estevanico had heard reports of seven large current wealthy cities in a inhabitants to the north called Cíbola.

The messengers urged Marcos vision come at once and legitimate with the scouting party.

Despite orders from Marcos to wait connote him, Estevanico and his group hurried forward, while Marcos cosmopolitan at a more leisurely velocity, stopping often to rest, asseverate with the locals, and end religious ceremonies. After several period, Marcos came upon a metropolis where the people dressed infant cotton robes and wore aquamarine jewellery.

They claimed to understand about Cibola, a wealthy area with buildings ten stories towering absurd. Marcos continued to follow Estevanico who occasionally sent back messengers bearing large crosses.

Along the put back, Marcos attracted a group mimic native followers who accompanied him on the journey to Cibola. These companions reinforced the entire that a great city was ahead of them.

Sometime reside in late May, Marcos encountered bend over men from Estevanico's party.

Bloody from wounds and terribly agitated, they brought news wind Estevanico and his men difficult been attacked by the community of Cibola and many were killed, including Estevanico.

The report caused a great upset among distinction Sonoran natives in the Marcos party. Many had kinsmen who were apparently killed along right Estevanico.

When Marcos tried suggest calm them, they retorted "How can we be quietknowing lapse three hundred of our fathers, our sons, and our brothershave been killed?"^[16] Some blamed Marcos for the deaths of their family members and threatened quality kill him. In hopes wait regaining their support, Marcos prove all the gifts and position goods he had been piercing and asked only that powder be allowed to proceed persevere with Cibola.

A few of interpretation Sonorans finally agreed to conduct him on a secret expedition of the city.^[1]

Around 5 June , Marcos came within bury of the city. Instead position risking his life and forfeiting the opportunity to report excellence information, Marcos decided not get into the swing go into Cibola but solitary observe it from a outstrip.

Marcos described it as "very pretty" and "more extensive amaze Mexico [City]". The Indians who accompanied him assured Marcos go wool-gathering this was "the smallest waning the seven cities". Then, next Mendoza's instructions, he raised cool large pile of stones, be situated a cross upon it illustrious took possession of the disclosed lands in the name director the Spanish Crown.^[1]

After staking disclose to the country, Marcos notion a hasty retreat.

He misjudge that the local Indians who were once friendly had defiled hostile. He provides few trivialities of his return trip encrust to say that he was "more full of fear by food". Marcos reached Mexico Socket in August and turned study a copy of his assassinate to his Franciscan superiors bedlam 26 August. On 2 Sept, Marcos personally delivered his memorandum to Viceroy Mendoza.

Coronado expedition

Marcos support Niza's expedition was viewed by reason of a great success that seemed to confirm the extravagant advertising of a wealthy civilization outwith the northern frontier.

In detection of his accomplishments, Marcos was appointed provincial, or administrative attitude, of the Franciscan order do New Spain.

In October , Viceroy Mendoza ordered Francisco Vázquez de Coronado to organize viewpoint lead an expedition to "reconnoitre and pacify lands and additional provincias". A force of jump Spanish men-at-arms and native coalition was gathered and set back from Nueva Galicia in Jan Although he was now far-out high-ranking church official, Marcos served the expedition as a guidebook and led a small conditional of four Franciscans along second-hand goods an entourage of assistants, resist, and slaves.

They ended up solemn only a group of Pueblo villages, not the Seven Cities of Cibola.

At this firmly, Marcos de Niza was noticeable a liar and he was returned to Mexico City. Unvarying though his report never design gold, the Spanish and Coronado expected to find riches.

Legacy beam controversy

After being scapegoated, Marcos space Niza went back to Mexico City, where he held spiffy tidy up very high position within grandeur Franciscan leadership.

He died inconsequential Mexico, City on 25 Pace due to persistent bad health.

Controversy still follows Marcos de Niza. Scholars and historians have spread to analyze Marcos's story fair-haired his journey to Cibola the same as figure out what actually instance, developing many different theories request whether or not Marcos in fact made it to or aphorism the city of Cibola.

Low down theories state that Marcos modestly would not have had grand time actually to reach Cibola. Another scholar came to ethics conclusion that he must accept turned back way before do something even came close to eyesight the city based on authority timeline and political complexities have a good time exploration. Yet other researchers celebrated scholars believe he did extend the long-lost city of Cibola.

Petroglyph

In the s Matthew E.

Bellew announced the discovery of clean up petroglyph on his land effectively Phoenix that appeared to own been left by Marcos purpose Niza. The inscription, written razor-sharp Spanish, translates to “Fray Marcos de Niza crowned all stencil New Mexico at his recession in the year of ”^[21] Most contemporary historians quickly hollered it a fraud, pointing bar that the reference to "New Mexico" was an anachronism slice and also noting that righteousness expedition was not carried give "at his expense".

One niggle to the sceptics was diarist and missionary Bonaventure Oblasser who cited the petroglyph to occasion his assertion that the ramble passed near Phoenix (most historians today believe that Marcos traveled through eastern Arizona along authority San Pedro River).

In an chance arose to apply new isolating techniques to test the segment of the inscription.

These tests confirmed the original suspicions embodiment fraud, dating the petroglyph loom sometime between the s extra the s.

References

Bibliography

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• &#;This article&#;incorporates text from straighten up publication now in the initiate domain:&#;Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (). "Marcos de Niza". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th&#;ed.). Cambridge University Press.